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### C.1 Action Arguments

Here is a table of action arguments:

‘`file`’
‘`--file=file`’
‘`--find-file=file`’
‘`--visit=file`’

  Visit file using `find-file`. See Visiting.

  When Emacs starts up, it displays the startup buffer in one window, and the buffer visiting file in another window (see Windows). If you supply more than one file argument, the displayed file is the last one specified on the command line; the other files are visited but their buffers are not shown.

  If the startup buffer is disabled (see Entering Emacs), then file is visited in a single window if one file argument was supplied; with two file arguments, Emacs displays the files in two different windows; with more than two file argument, Emacs displays the last file specified in one window, plus a Buffer Menu in a different window (see Several Buffers). To inhibit using the Buffer Menu for this, change the variable `inhibit-startup-buffer-menu` to `t`.

‘`+linenum file`’

  Visit file using `find-file`, then go to line number linenum in it.

‘`+linenum:columnnum file`’

  Visit file using `find-file`, then go to line number linenum and put point at column number columnnum.

‘`-l file`’
‘`--load=file`’

  Load a Lisp library named file with the function `load`. If file is not an absolute file name, Emacs first looks for it in the current directory, then in the directories listed in `load-path` (see Lisp Libraries).

  Warning: If previous command-line arguments have visited files, the current directory is the directory of the last file visited.

‘`-L dir`’
‘`--directory=dir`’

  Prepend directory dir to the variable `load-path`. If you specify multiple ‘`-L`’ options, Emacs preserves the relative order; i.e., using ‘`-L /foo -L /bar`’ results in a `load-path` of the form `("/foo" "/bar" …)`. If dir begins with ‘`:`’, Emacs removes the ‘`:`’ and appends (rather than prepends) the remainder to `load-path`. (On MS Windows, use ‘`;`’ instead of ‘`:`’; i.e., use the value of `path-separator`.)

‘`-f function`’
‘`--funcall=function`’

  Call Lisp function function. If it is an interactive function (a command), it reads the arguments interactively just as if you had called the same function with a key sequence. Otherwise, it calls the function with no arguments.

‘`--eval=expression`’
‘`--execute=expression`’

  Evaluate Lisp expression expression.

‘`--insert=file`’

  Insert the contents of file into the buffer that is current when this command-line argument is processed. Usually, this is the `*scratch*` buffer (see Lisp Interaction), but if arguments earlier on the command line visit files or switch buffers, that might be a different buffer. The effect of this command-line argument is like what `M-x insert-file` does (see Misc File Ops).

‘`--kill`’

  Exit from Emacs without asking for confirmation.

‘`--help`’

  Print a usage message listing all available options, then exit successfully.

‘`--version`’

  Print Emacs version, then exit successfully.

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