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#### 12.1.1 Deletion

Deletion means erasing text and not saving it in the kill ring. For the most part, the Emacs commands that delete text are those that erase just one character or only whitespace.

`DEL`
`BACKSPACE`

  Delete the previous character, or the text in the region if it is active (`delete-backward-char`).

`Delete`

  Delete the next character, or the text in the region if it is active (`delete-forward-char`).

`C-d`

  Delete the next character (`delete-char`).

`M-\`

  Delete spaces and tabs around point (`delete-horizontal-space`).

`M-SPC`

  Delete spaces and tabs around point, leaving one space (`just-one-space`).

`C-x C-o`

  Delete blank lines around the current line (`delete-blank-lines`).

`M-^`

  Join two lines by deleting the intervening newline, along with any indentation following it (`delete-indentation`).

We have already described the basic deletion commands `DEL` (`delete-backward-char`), `delete` (`delete-forward-char`), and `C-d` (`delete-char`). See Erasing. With a numeric argument, they delete the specified number of characters. If the numeric argument is omitted or one, `DEL` and `delete` delete all the text in the region if it is active (see Using Region).

The other delete commands are those that delete only whitespace characters: spaces, tabs and newlines. `M-\` (`delete-horizontal-space`) deletes all the spaces and tab characters before and after point. With a prefix argument, this only deletes spaces and tab characters before point. `M-SPC` (`just-one-space`) does likewise but leaves a single space before point, regardless of the number of spaces that existed previously (even if there were none before). With a numeric argument n, it leaves n spaces before point if n is positive; if n is negative, it deletes newlines in addition to spaces and tabs, leaving -n spaces before point. The command `cycle-spacing` acts like a more flexible version of `just-one-space`. It does different things if you call it repeatedly in succession. The first call acts like `just-one-space`, the next removes all whitespace, and a third call restores the original whitespace.

`C-x C-o` (`delete-blank-lines`) deletes all blank lines after the current line. If the current line is blank, it deletes all blank lines preceding the current line as well (leaving one blank line, the current line). On a solitary blank line, it deletes that line.

`M-^` (`delete-indentation`) joins the current line and the previous line, by deleting a newline and all surrounding spaces, usually leaving a single space. See M-^.

The command `delete-duplicate-lines` searches the region for identical lines, and removes all but one copy of each. Normally it keeps the first instance of each repeated line, but with a `C-u` prefix argument it keeps the last. With a `C-u C-u` prefix argument, it only searches for adjacent identical lines. This is a more efficient mode of operation, useful when the lines have already been sorted. With a `C-u C-u C-u` prefix argument, it retains repeated blank lines.

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