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## Appendix E Calc Summary

This section includes a complete list of Calc keystroke commands. Each line lists the stack entries used by the command (top-of-stack last), the keystrokes themselves, the prompts asked by the command, and the result of the command (also with top-of-stack last). The result is expressed using the equivalent algebraic function. Commands which put no results on the stack show the full `M-x` command name in that position. Numbers preceding the result or command name refer to notes at the end.

Algebraic functions and `M-x` commands that don't have corresponding keystrokes are not listed in this summary. See Command Index. See Function Index.

                C-x * a                   33  calc-embedded-activate
                C-x * b                       calc-big-or-small
                C-x * c                       calc
                C-x * d                       calc-embedded-duplicate
                C-x * e                   34  calc-embedded
                C-x * f  formula              calc-embedded-new-formula
                C-x * g                   35  calc-grab-region
                C-x * i                       calc-info
                C-x * j                       calc-embedded-select
                C-x * k                       calc-keypad
                C-x * l                       calc-load-everything
                C-x * m                       read-kbd-macro
                C-x * n                    4  calc-embedded-next
                C-x * o                       calc-other-window
                C-x * p                    4  calc-embedded-previous
                C-x * q  formula              quick-calc
                C-x * r                   36  calc-grab-rectangle
                C-x * s                       calc-info-summary
                C-x * t                       calc-tutorial
                C-x * u                       calc-embedded-update-formula
                C-x * w                       calc-embedded-word
                C-x * x                       calc-quit
                C-x * y              1,28,49  calc-copy-to-buffer
                C-x * z                       calc-user-invocation
                C-x * :                   36  calc-grab-sum-down
                C-x * _                   36  calc-grab-sum-across
                C-x * `  editing          30  calc-embedded-edit
                C-x * 0  (zero)               calc-reset

                 0-9   number               number
                 .     number               0.number
                 _     number               -number
                 e     number               1e number
                 #     number               current-radix#number
                 P     (in number)          +/-
                 M     (in number)          mod
                 @ ' "   (in number)        HMS form
                 h m s   (in number)        HMS form

                 '     formula       37,46  formula
                 $     formula       37,46  $formula
                 "     string        37,46  string

        a b      +                       2  add(a,b)  a+b
        a b      -                       2  sub(a,b)  a−b
        a b      *                       2  mul(a,b)  a b, a*b
        a b      /                       2  div(a,b)  a/b
        a b      ^                       2  pow(a,b)  a^b
        a b    I ^                       2  nroot(a,b)  a^(1/b)
        a b      %                       2  mod(a,b)  a%b
        a b      \                       2  idiv(a,b)  a\b
        a b      :                       2  fdiv(a,b)
        a b      |                       2  vconcat(a,b)  a|b
        a b    I |                          vconcat(b,a)  b|a
        a b    H |                       2  append(a,b)
        a b  I H |                          append(b,a)
          a      &                       1  inv(a)  1/a
          a      !                       1  fact(a)  a!
          a      =                       1  evalv(a)
          a      M-%                        percent(a)  a%

      ... a      RET                     1  ... a a
      ... a      SPC                     1  ... a a
    ... a b      TAB                     3  ... b a
    . a b c      M-TAB                   3  ... b c a
    ... a b      LFD                     1  ... a b a
      ... a      DEL                     1  ...
    ... a b      M-DEL                   1  ... b
                 M-RET                   4  calc-last-args
          a      `     editing        1,30  calc-edit

      ... a      C-d                     1  ...
                 C-k                    27  calc-kill
                 C-w                    27  calc-kill-region
                 C-y                        calc-yank
                 C-_                     4  calc-undo
                 M-k                    27  calc-copy-as-kill
                 M-w                    27  calc-copy-region-as-kill

                 [                          [...
    [.. a b      ]                          [a,b]
                 (                          (...
    (.. a b      )                          (a,b)
                 ,                          vector or rect complex
                 ;                          matrix or polar complex
                 ..                         interval

                 ~                          calc-num-prefix
                 <                       4  calc-scroll-left
                 >                       4  calc-scroll-right
                 {                       4  calc-scroll-down
                 }                       4  calc-scroll-up
                 ?                          calc-help

          a      n                       1  neg(a)  −a
                 o                       4  calc-realign
                 p     precision        31  calc-precision
                 q                          calc-quit
                 w                          calc-why
                 x     command              M-x calc-command
          a      y                 1,28,49  calc-copy-to-buffer

          a      A                       1  abs(a)
        a b      B                       2  log(a,b)
        a b    I B                       2  alog(a,b)  b^a
          a      C                       1  cos(a)
          a    I C                       1  arccos(a)
          a    H C                       1  cosh(a)
          a  I H C                       1  arccosh(a)
                 D                       4  calc-redo
          a      E                       1  exp(a)
          a    H E                       1  exp10(a)  10.^a
          a      F                    1,11  floor(a,d)
          a    I F                    1,11  ceil(a,d)
          a    H F                    1,11  ffloor(a,d)
          a  I H F                    1,11  fceil(a,d)
          a      G                       1  arg(a)
                 H     command          32  Hyperbolic
                 I     command          32  Inverse
          a      J                       1  conj(a)
                 K     command          32  Keep-args
          a      L                       1  ln(a)
          a    H L                       1  log10(a)
                 M                          calc-more-recursion-depth
               I M                          calc-less-recursion-depth
          a      N                       5  evalvn(a)
                 O     command          32  Option
                 P                          pi
               I P                          gamma
               H P                          e
             I H P                          phi
          a      Q                       1  sqrt(a)
          a    I Q                       1  sqr(a)  a^2
          a      R                    1,11  round(a,d)
          a    I R                    1,11  trunc(a,d)
          a    H R                    1,11  fround(a,d)
          a  I H R                    1,11  ftrunc(a,d)
          a      S                       1  sin(a)
          a    I S                       1  arcsin(a)
          a    H S                       1  sinh(a)
          a  I H S                       1  arcsinh(a)
          a      T                       1  tan(a)
          a    I T                       1  arctan(a)
          a    H T                       1  tanh(a)
          a  I H T                       1  arctanh(a)
                 U                       4  calc-undo
                 X                       4  calc-call-last-kbd-macro

        a b      a =                     2  eq(a,b)  a=b
        a b      a #                     2  neq(a,b)  a!=b
        a b      a <                     2  lt(a,b)  a<b
        a b      a >                     2  gt(a,b)  a>b
        a b      a [                     2  leq(a,b)  a<=b
        a b      a ]                     2  geq(a,b)  a>=b
        a b      a {                     2  in(a,b)
        a b      a &                  2,45  land(a,b)  a&&b
        a b      a |                  2,45  lor(a,b)  a||b
          a      a !                  1,45  lnot(a)  !a
      a b c      a :                    45  if(a,b,c)  a?b:c
          a      a .                     1  rmeq(a)
          a      a "                   7,8  calc-expand-formula

          a      a +   i, l, h        6,38  sum(a,i,l,h)
          a      a -   i, l, h        6,38  asum(a,i,l,h)
          a      a *   i, l, h        6,38  prod(a,i,l,h)
        a b      a _                     2  subscr(a,b)  a_b

        a b      a \                     2  pdiv(a,b)
        a b      a %                     2  prem(a,b)
        a b      a /                     2  pdivrem(a,b)  [q,r]
        a b    H a /                     2  pdivide(a,b)  q+r/b

          a      a a                     1  apart(a)
          a      a b   old, new         38  subst(a,old,new)
          a      a c   v                38  collect(a,v)
          a      a d   v              4,38  deriv(a,v)
          a    H a d   v              4,38  tderiv(a,v)
          a      a e                        esimplify(a)
          a      a f                     1  factor(a)
          a    H a f                     1  factors(a)
        a b      a g                     2  pgcd(a,b)
          a      a i   v                38  integ(a,v)
          a      a m   pats             38  match(a,pats)
          a    I a m   pats             38  matchnot(a,pats)
     data x      a p                    28  polint(data,x)
     data x    H a p                    28  ratint(data,x)
          a      a n                     1  nrat(a)
          a      a r   rules        4,8,38  rewrite(a,rules,n)
          a      a s                        simplify(a)
          a      a t   v, n          31,39  taylor(a,v,n)
          a      a v                   7,8  calc-alg-evaluate
          a      a x                   4,8  expand(a)

       data      a F   model, vars      48  fit(m,iv,pv,data)
       data    I a F   model, vars      48  xfit(m,iv,pv,data)
       data    H a F   model, vars      48  efit(m,iv,pv,data)
          a      a I   v, l, h          38  ninteg(a,v,l,h)
        a b      a M   op               22  mapeq(op,a,b)
        a b    I a M   op               22  mapeqr(op,a,b)
        a b    H a M   op               22  mapeqp(op,a,b)
        a g      a N   v                38  minimize(a,v,g)
        a g    H a N   v                38  wminimize(a,v,g)
          a      a P   v                38  roots(a,v)
        a g      a R   v                38  root(a,v,g)
        a g    H a R   v                38  wroot(a,v,g)
          a      a S   v                38  solve(a,v)
          a    I a S   v                38  finv(a,v)
          a    H a S   v                38  fsolve(a,v)
          a  I H a S   v                38  ffinv(a,v)
          a      a T   i, l, h        6,38  table(a,i,l,h)
        a g      a X   v                38  maximize(a,v,g)
        a g    H a X   v                38  wmaximize(a,v,g)

        a b      b a                     9  and(a,b,w)
          a      b c                     9  clip(a,w)
        a b      b d                     9  diff(a,b,w)
          a      b l                    10  lsh(a,n,w)
        a n    H b l                     9  lsh(a,n,w)
          a      b n                     9  not(a,w)
        a b      b o                     9  or(a,b,w)
          v      b p                     1  vpack(v)
          a      b r                    10  rsh(a,n,w)
        a n    H b r                     9  rsh(a,n,w)
          a      b t                    10  rot(a,n,w)
        a n    H b t                     9  rot(a,n,w)
          a      b u                     1  vunpack(a)
                 b w   w              9,50  calc-word-size
        a b      b x                     9  xor(a,b,w)

    c s l p      b D                        ddb(c,s,l,p)
      r n p      b F                        fv(r,n,p)
      r n p    I b F                        fvb(r,n,p)
      r n p    H b F                        fvl(r,n,p)
          v      b I                    19  irr(v)
          v    I b I                    19  irrb(v)
          a      b L                    10  ash(a,n,w)
        a n    H b L                     9  ash(a,n,w)
      r n a      b M                        pmt(r,n,a)
      r n a    I b M                        pmtb(r,n,a)
      r n a    H b M                        pmtl(r,n,a)
        r v      b N                    19  npv(r,v)
        r v    I b N                    19  npvb(r,v)
      r n p      b P                        pv(r,n,p)
      r n p    I b P                        pvb(r,n,p)
      r n p    H b P                        pvl(r,n,p)
          a      b R                    10  rash(a,n,w)
        a n    H b R                     9  rash(a,n,w)
      c s l      b S                        sln(c,s,l)
      n p a      b T                        rate(n,p,a)
      n p a    I b T                        rateb(n,p,a)
      n p a    H b T                        ratel(n,p,a)
    c s l p      b Y                        syd(c,s,l,p)

      r p a      b #                        nper(r,p,a)
      r p a    I b #                        nperb(r,p,a)
      r p a    H b #                        nperl(r,p,a)
        a b      b %                        relch(a,b)

          a      c c                     5  pclean(a,p)
          a      c 0-9                      pclean(a,p)
          a    H c c                     5  clean(a,p)
          a    H c 0-9                      clean(a,p)
          a      c d                     1  deg(a)
          a      c f                     1  pfloat(a)
          a    H c f                     1  float(a)
          a      c h                     1  hms(a)
          a      c p                        polar(a)
          a    I c p                        rect(a)
          a      c r                     1  rad(a)

          a      c F                     5  pfrac(a,p)
          a    H c F                     5  frac(a,p)

          a      c %                        percent(a*100)

                 d .   char             50  calc-point-char
                 d ,   char             50  calc-group-char
                 d <                 13,50  calc-left-justify
                 d =                 13,50  calc-center-justify
                 d >                 13,50  calc-right-justify
                 d {   label            50  calc-left-label
                 d }   label            50  calc-right-label
                 d [                     4  calc-truncate-up
                 d ]                     4  calc-truncate-down
                 d "                 12,50  calc-display-strings
                 d SPC                      calc-refresh
                 d RET                   1  calc-refresh-top

                 d 0                    50  calc-decimal-radix
                 d 2                    50  calc-binary-radix
                 d 6                    50  calc-hex-radix
                 d 8                    50  calc-octal-radix

                 d b              12,13,50  calc-line-breaking
                 d c                    50  calc-complex-notation
                 d d   format           50  calc-date-notation
                 d e                  5,50  calc-eng-notation
                 d f   num           31,50  calc-fix-notation
                 d g              12,13,50  calc-group-digits
                 d h   format           50  calc-hms-notation
                 d i                    50  calc-i-notation
                 d j                    50  calc-j-notation
                 d l                 12,50  calc-line-numbering
                 d n                  5,50  calc-normal-notation
                 d o   format           50  calc-over-notation
                 d p                 12,50  calc-show-plain
                 d r   radix         31,50  calc-radix
                 d s                  5,50  calc-sci-notation
                 d t                    27  calc-truncate-stack
                 d w                 12,13  calc-auto-why
                 d z                 12,50  calc-leading-zeros

                 d B                    50  calc-big-language
                 d C                    50  calc-c-language
                 d E                    50  calc-eqn-language
                 d F                    50  calc-fortran-language
                 d M                    50  calc-mathematica-language
                 d N                    50  calc-normal-language
                 d O                    50  calc-flat-language
                 d P                    50  calc-pascal-language
                 d T                    50  calc-tex-language
                 d L                    50  calc-latex-language
                 d U                    50  calc-unformatted-language
                 d W                    50  calc-maple-language

          a      f [                     4  decr(a,n)
          a      f ]                     4  incr(a,n)

        a b      f b                     2  beta(a,b)
          a      f e                     1  erf(a)
          a    I f e                     1  erfc(a)
          a      f g                     1  gamma(a)
        a b      f h                     2  hypot(a,b)
          a      f i                     1  im(a)
        n a      f j                     2  besJ(n,a)
        a b      f n                     2  min(a,b)
          a      f r                     1  re(a)
          a      f s                     1  sign(a)
        a b      f x                     2  max(a,b)
        n a      f y                     2  besY(n,a)

          a      f A                     1  abssqr(a)
      x a b      f B                        betaI(x,a,b)
      x a b    H f B                        betaB(x,a,b)
          a      f E                     1  expm1(a)
        a x      f G                     2  gammaP(a,x)
        a x    I f G                     2  gammaQ(a,x)
        a x    H f G                     2  gammag(a,x)
        a x  I H f G                     2  gammaG(a,x)
        a b      f I                     2  ilog(a,b)
        a b    I f I                     2  alog(a,b)  b^a
          a      f L                     1  lnp1(a)
          a      f M                     1  mant(a)
          a      f Q                     1  isqrt(a)
          a    I f Q                     1  sqr(a)  a^2
        a n      f S                     2  scf(a,n)
        y x      f T                        arctan2(y,x)
          a      f X                     1  xpon(a)

        x y      g a                 28,40  calc-graph-add
                 g b                    12  calc-graph-border
                 g c                        calc-graph-clear
                 g d                    41  calc-graph-delete
        x y      g f                 28,40  calc-graph-fast
                 g g                    12  calc-graph-grid
                 g h   title                calc-graph-header
                 g j                     4  calc-graph-juggle
                 g k                    12  calc-graph-key
                 g l                    12  calc-graph-log-x
                 g n   name                 calc-graph-name
                 g p                    42  calc-graph-plot
                 g q                        calc-graph-quit
                 g r   range                calc-graph-range-x
                 g s                 12,13  calc-graph-line-style
                 g t   title                calc-graph-title-x
                 g v                        calc-graph-view-commands
                 g x   display              calc-graph-display
                 g z                    12  calc-graph-zero-x

      x y z      g A                 28,40  calc-graph-add-3d
                 g C   command              calc-graph-command
                 g D   device        43,44  calc-graph-device
      x y z      g F                 28,40  calc-graph-fast-3d
                 g H                    12  calc-graph-hide
                 g K                        calc-graph-kill
                 g L                    12  calc-graph-log-y
                 g N   number        43,51  calc-graph-num-points
                 g O   filename      43,44  calc-graph-output
                 g P                    42  calc-graph-print
                 g R   range                calc-graph-range-y
                 g S                 12,13  calc-graph-point-style
                 g T   title                calc-graph-title-y
                 g V                        calc-graph-view-trail
                 g X   format               calc-graph-geometry
                 g Z                    12  calc-graph-zero-y

                 g C-l                  12  calc-graph-log-z
                 g C-r range                calc-graph-range-z
                 g C-t title                calc-graph-title-z

                 h b                        calc-describe-bindings
                 h c   key                  calc-describe-key-briefly
                 h f   function             calc-describe-function
                 h h                        calc-full-help
                 h i                        calc-info
                 h k   key                  calc-describe-key
                 h n                        calc-view-news
                 h s                        calc-info-summary
                 h t                        calc-tutorial
                 h v   var                  calc-describe-variable

                 j 1-9                      calc-select-part
                 j RET                  27  calc-copy-selection
                 j DEL                  27  calc-del-selection
                 j '   formula          27  calc-enter-selection
                 j `   editing       27,30  calc-edit-selection
                 j "                  7,27  calc-sel-expand-formula

                 j +   formula          27  calc-sel-add-both-sides
                 j -   formula          27  calc-sel-sub-both-sides
                 j *   formula          27  calc-sel-mul-both-sides
                 j /   formula          27  calc-sel-div-both-sides
                 j &                    27  calc-sel-invert

                 j a                    27  calc-select-additional
                 j b                    12  calc-break-selections
                 j c                        calc-clear-selections
                 j d                 12,50  calc-show-selections
                 j e                    12  calc-enable-selections
                 j l                  4,27  calc-select-less
                 j m                  4,27  calc-select-more
                 j n                     4  calc-select-next
                 j o                  4,27  calc-select-once
                 j p                     4  calc-select-previous
                 j r   rules        4,8,27  calc-rewrite-selection
                 j s                  4,27  calc-select-here
                 j u                    27  calc-unselect
                 j v                  7,27  calc-sel-evaluate

                 j C                    27  calc-sel-commute
                 j D                  4,27  calc-sel-distribute
                 j E                    27  calc-sel-jump-equals
                 j I                    27  calc-sel-isolate
               H j I                    27  calc-sel-isolate (full)
                 j L                  4,27  calc-commute-left
                 j M                    27  calc-sel-merge
                 j N                    27  calc-sel-negate
                 j O                  4,27  calc-select-once-maybe
                 j R                  4,27  calc-commute-right
                 j S                  4,27  calc-select-here-maybe
                 j U                    27  calc-sel-unpack

                 k a                        calc-random-again
          n      k b                     1  bern(n)
        n x    H k b                     2  bern(n,x)
        n m      k c                     2  choose(n,m)
        n m    H k c                     2  perm(n,m)
          n      k d                     1  dfact(n)  n!!
          n      k e                     1  euler(n)
        n x    H k e                     2  euler(n,x)
          n      k f                     4  prfac(n)
        n m      k g                     2  gcd(n,m)
        m n      k h                    14  shuffle(n,m)
        n m      k l                     2  lcm(n,m)
          n      k m                     1  moebius(n)
          n      k n                     4  nextprime(n)
          n    I k n                     4  prevprime(n)
          n      k p                  4,28  calc-prime-test
          m      k r                    14  random(m)
        n m      k s                     2  stir1(n,m)
        n m    H k s                     2  stir2(n,m)
          n      k t                     1  totient(n)

      n p x      k B                        utpb(x,n,p)
      n p x    I k B                        ltpb(x,n,p)
        v x      k C                        utpc(x,v)
        v x    I k C                        ltpc(x,v)
        n m      k E                        egcd(n,m)
    v1 v2 x      k F                        utpf(x,v1,v2)
    v1 v2 x    I k F                        ltpf(x,v1,v2)
      m s x      k N                        utpn(x,m,s)
      m s x    I k N                        ltpn(x,m,s)
        m x      k P                        utpp(x,m)
        m x    I k P                        ltpp(x,m)
        v x      k T                        utpt(x,v)
        v x    I k T                        ltpt(x,v)

                 m a                 12,13  calc-algebraic-mode
                 m d                        calc-degrees-mode
                 m e                        calc-embedded-preserve-modes
                 m f                    12  calc-frac-mode
                 m g                    52  calc-get-modes
                 m h                        calc-hms-mode
                 m i                 12,13  calc-infinite-mode
                 m m                        calc-save-modes
                 m p                    12  calc-polar-mode
                 m r                        calc-radians-mode
                 m s                    12  calc-symbolic-mode
                 m t                    12  calc-total-algebraic-mode
                 m v                 12,13  calc-matrix-mode
                 m w                    13  calc-working
                 m x                        calc-always-load-extensions

                 m A                    12  calc-alg-simplify-mode
                 m B                    12  calc-bin-simplify-mode
                 m C                    12  calc-auto-recompute
                 m D                        calc-default-simplify-mode
                 m E                    12  calc-ext-simplify-mode
                 m F   filename         13  calc-settings-file-name
                 m N                    12  calc-num-simplify-mode
                 m O                    12  calc-no-simplify-mode
                 m R                 12,13  calc-mode-record-mode
                 m S                    12  calc-shift-prefix
                 m U                    12  calc-units-simplify-mode

                 r s   register         27  calc-copy-to-register
                 r i   register             calc-insert-register

                 s c   var1, var2       29  calc-copy-variable
                 s d   var, decl            calc-declare-variable
                 s e   var, editing  29,30  calc-edit-variable
                 s i   buffer               calc-insert-variables
                 s k   const, var       29  calc-copy-special-constant
        a b      s l   var              29  a  (letting var=b)
      a ...      s m   op, var       22,29  calc-store-map
                 s n   var           29,47  calc-store-neg  (v/-1)
                 s p   var              29  calc-permanent-variable
                 s r   var              29  v  (recalled value)
                 r 0-9                      calc-recall-quick
          a      s s   var           28,29  calc-store
          a      s 0-9                      calc-store-quick
          a      s t   var              29  calc-store-into
          a      t 0-9                      calc-store-into-quick
                 s u   var              29  calc-unstore
          a      s x   var              29  calc-store-exchange

                 s A   editing          30  calc-edit-AlgSimpRules
                 s D   editing          30  calc-edit-Decls
                 s E   editing          30  calc-edit-EvalRules
                 s F   editing          30  calc-edit-FitRules
                 s G   editing          30  calc-edit-GenCount
                 s H   editing          30  calc-edit-Holidays
                 s I   editing          30  calc-edit-IntegLimit
                 s L   editing          30  calc-edit-LineStyles
                 s P   editing          30  calc-edit-PointStyles
                 s R   editing          30  calc-edit-PlotRejects
                 s T   editing          30  calc-edit-TimeZone
                 s U   editing          30  calc-edit-Units
                 s X   editing          30  calc-edit-ExtSimpRules

          a      s +   var           29,47  calc-store-plus  (v+a)
          a      s -   var           29,47  calc-store-minus  (v-a)
          a      s *   var           29,47  calc-store-times  (v*a)
          a      s /   var           29,47  calc-store-div  (v/a)
          a      s ^   var           29,47  calc-store-power  (v^a)
          a      s |   var           29,47  calc-store-concat  (v|a)
                 s &   var           29,47  calc-store-inv  (v^-1)
                 s [   var           29,47  calc-store-decr  (v-1)
                 s ]   var           29,47  calc-store-incr  (v-(-1))
        a b      s :                     2  assign(a,b)  a := b
          a      s =                     1  evalto(a,b)  a =>

                 t [                     4  calc-trail-first
                 t ]                     4  calc-trail-last
                 t <                     4  calc-trail-scroll-left
                 t >                     4  calc-trail-scroll-right
                 t .                    12  calc-full-trail-vectors

                 t b                     4  calc-trail-backward
                 t d                 12,50  calc-trail-display
                 t f                     4  calc-trail-forward
                 t h                        calc-trail-here
                 t i                        calc-trail-in
                 t k                     4  calc-trail-kill
                 t m   string               calc-trail-marker
                 t n                     4  calc-trail-next
                 t o                        calc-trail-out
                 t p                     4  calc-trail-previous
                 t r   string               calc-trail-isearch-backward
                 t s   string               calc-trail-isearch-forward
                 t y                     4  calc-trail-yank

          d      t C   oz, nz               tzconv(d,oz,nz)
    d oz nz      t C   $                    tzconv(d,oz,nz)
          d      t D                    15  date(d)
          d      t I                     4  incmonth(d,n)
          d      t J                    16  julian(d,z)
          d      t M                    17  newmonth(d,n)
                 t N                    16  now(z)
          d      t P   1                31  year(d)
          d      t P   2                31  month(d)
          d      t P   3                31  day(d)
          d      t P   4                31  hour(d)
          d      t P   5                31  minute(d)
          d      t P   6                31  second(d)
          d      t P   7                31  weekday(d)
          d      t P   8                31  yearday(d)
          d      t P   9                31  time(d)
          d      t U                    16  unixtime(d,z)
          d      t W                    17  newweek(d,w)
          d      t Y                    17  newyear(d,n)

        a b      t +                     2  badd(a,b)
        a b      t -                     2  bsub(a,b)

                 u a                    12  calc-autorange-units
          a      u b                        calc-base-units
          a      u c   units            18  calc-convert-units
       defn      u d   unit, descr          calc-define-unit
                 u e                        calc-explain-units
                 u g   unit                 calc-get-unit-definition
                 u p                        calc-permanent-units
          a      u r                        calc-remove-units
          a      u s                        usimplify(a)
          a      u t   units            18  calc-convert-temperature
                 u u   unit                 calc-undefine-unit
                 u v                        calc-enter-units-table
          a      u x                        calc-extract-units
          a      u 0-9                      calc-quick-units

      v1 v2      u C                    20  vcov(v1,v2)
      v1 v2    I u C                    20  vpcov(v1,v2)
      v1 v2    H u C                    20  vcorr(v1,v2)
          v      u G                    19  vgmean(v)
        a b    H u G                     2  agmean(a,b)
          v      u M                    19  vmean(v)
          v    I u M                    19  vmeane(v)
          v    H u M                    19  vmedian(v)
          v  I H u M                    19  vhmean(v)
          v      u N                    19  vmin(v)
          v      u S                    19  vsdev(v)
          v    I u S                    19  vpsdev(v)
          v    H u S                    19  vvar(v)
          v  I H u S                    19  vpvar(v)
                 u V                        calc-view-units-table
          v      u X                    19  vmax(v)

          v      u +                    19  vsum(v)
          v      u *                    19  vprod(v)
          v      u #                    19  vcount(v)

                 V (                    50  calc-vector-parens
                 V {                    50  calc-vector-braces
                 V [                    50  calc-vector-brackets
                 V ]   ROCP             50  calc-matrix-brackets
                 V ,                    50  calc-vector-commas
                 V <                    50  calc-matrix-left-justify
                 V =                    50  calc-matrix-center-justify
                 V >                    50  calc-matrix-right-justify
                 V /                 12,50  calc-break-vectors
                 V .                 12,50  calc-full-vectors

        s t      V ^                     2  vint(s,t)
        s t      V -                     2  vdiff(s,t)
          s      V ~                     1  vcompl(s)
          s      V #                     1  vcard(s)
          s      V :                     1  vspan(s)
          s      V +                     1  rdup(s)

          m      V &                     1  inv(m)  1/m

          v      v a   n                    arrange(v,n)
          a      v b   n                    cvec(a,n)
          v      v c   n >0          21,31  mcol(v,n)
          v      v c   n <0             31  mrcol(v,-n)
          m      v c   0                31  getdiag(m)
          v      v d                    25  diag(v,n)
        v m      v e                     2  vexp(v,m)
      v m f    H v e                     2  vexp(v,m,f)
        v a      v f                    26  find(v,a,n)
          v      v h                     1  head(v)
          v    I v h                     1  tail(v)
          v    H v h                     1  rhead(v)
          v  I H v h                     1  rtail(v)
                 v i   n                31  idn(1,n)
                 v i   0                31  idn(1)
        h t      v k                     2  cons(h,t)
        h t    H v k                     2  rcons(h,t)
          v      v l                     1  vlen(v)
          v    H v l                     1  mdims(v)
        v m      v m                     2  vmask(v,m)
          v      v n                     1  rnorm(v)
      a b c      v p                    24  calc-pack
          v      v r   n >0          21,31  mrow(v,n)
          v      v r   n <0             31  mrrow(v,-n)
          m      v r   0                31  getdiag(m)
      v i j      v s                        subvec(v,i,j)
      v i j    I v s                        rsubvec(v,i,j)
          m      v t                     1  trn(m)
          v      v u                    24  calc-unpack
          v      v v                     1  rev(v)
                 v x   n                31  index(n)
      n s i  C-u v x                        index(n,s,i)

          v      V A   op               22  apply(op,v)
      v1 v2      V C                     2  cross(v1,v2)
          m      V D                     1  det(m)
          s      V E                     1  venum(s)
          s      V F                     1  vfloor(s)
          v      V G                        grade(v)
          v    I V G                        rgrade(v)
          v      V H   n                31  histogram(v,n)
        v w    H V H   n                31  histogram(v,w,n)
      v1 v2      V I   mop aop          22  inner(mop,aop,v1,v2)
          m      V J                     1  ctrn(m)
      m1 m2      V K                        kron(m1,m2)
          m      V L                     1  lud(m)
          v      V M   op            22,23  map(op,v)
          v      V N                     1  cnorm(v)
      v1 v2      V O   op               22  outer(op,v1,v2)
          v      V R   op            22,23  reduce(op,v)
          v    I V R   op            22,23  rreduce(op,v)
        a n    H V R   op               22  nest(op,a,n)
          a  I H V R   op               22  fixp(op,a)
          v      V S                        sort(v)
          v    I V S                        rsort(v)
          m      V T                     1  tr(m)
          v      V U   op               22  accum(op,v)
          v    I V U   op               22  raccum(op,v)
        a n    H V U   op               22  anest(op,a,n)
          a  I H V U   op               22  afixp(op,a)
        s t      V V                     2  vunion(s,t)
        s t      V X                     2  vxor(s,t)

                 Y                          user commands

                 z                          user commands

          c      Z [                    45  calc-kbd-if
          c      Z |                    45  calc-kbd-else-if
                 Z :                        calc-kbd-else
                 Z ]                        calc-kbd-end-if

                 Z {                     4  calc-kbd-loop
          c      Z /                    45  calc-kbd-break
                 Z }                        calc-kbd-end-loop
          n      Z <                        calc-kbd-repeat
                 Z >                        calc-kbd-end-repeat
        n m      Z (                        calc-kbd-for
          s      Z )                        calc-kbd-end-for

                 Z C-g                      cancel if/loop command

                 Z `                        calc-kbd-push
                 Z '                        calc-kbd-pop
                 Z #                        calc-kbd-query

       comp      Z C   func, args       50  calc-user-define-composition
                 Z D   key, command         calc-user-define
                 Z E   key, editing     30  calc-user-define-edit
       defn      Z F   k, c, f, a, n    28  calc-user-define-formula
                 Z G   key                  calc-get-user-defn
                 Z I                        calc-user-define-invocation
                 Z K   key, command         calc-user-define-kbd-macro
                 Z P   key                  calc-user-define-permanent
                 Z S                    30  calc-edit-user-syntax
                 Z T                    12  calc-timing
                 Z U   key                  calc-user-undefine

NOTES

1. Positive prefix arguments apply to ‘`n`’ stack entries. Negative prefix arguments apply to the ‘`-n`’th stack entry. A prefix of zero applies to the entire stack. (For <LFD> and `M-<DEL>`, the meaning of the sign is reversed.)
2. Positive prefix arguments apply to ‘`n`’ stack entries. Negative prefix arguments apply to the top stack entry and the next ‘`-n`’ stack entries.
3. Positive prefix arguments rotate top ‘`n`’ stack entries by one. Negative prefix arguments rotate the entire stack by ‘`-n`’. A prefix of zero reverses the entire stack.
4. Prefix argument specifies a repeat count or distance.
5. Positive prefix arguments specify a precision ‘`p`’. Negative prefix arguments reduce the current precision by ‘`-p`’.
6. A prefix argument is interpreted as an additional step-size parameter. A plain `C-u` prefix means to prompt for the step size.
7. A prefix argument specifies simplification level and depth. 1=Default, 2=like `a s`, 3=like `a e`.
8. A negative prefix operates only on the top level of the input formula.
9. Positive prefix arguments specify a word size of ‘`w`’ bits, unsigned. Negative prefix arguments specify a word size of ‘`w`’ bits, signed.
10. Prefix arguments specify the shift amount ‘`n`’. The ‘`w`’ argument cannot be specified in the keyboard version of this command.
11. From the keyboard, ‘`d`’ is omitted and defaults to zero.
12. Mode is toggled; a positive prefix always sets the mode, and a negative prefix always clears the mode.
13. Some prefix argument values provide special variations of the mode.
14. A prefix argument, if any, is used for ‘`m`’ instead of taking ‘`m`’ from the stack. ‘`M`’ may take any of these values:
    Integer
      Random integer in the interval ‘`[0 .. m)`’.
    Float
      Random floating-point number in the interval ‘`[0 .. m)`’.
    0.0
      Gaussian with mean 1 and standard deviation 0.
    Error form
      Gaussian with specified mean and standard deviation.
    Interval
      Random integer or floating-point number in that interval.
    Vector
      Random element from the vector.
15. A prefix argument from 1 to 6 specifies number of date components to remove from the stack. See Date Conversions.
16. A prefix argument specifies a time zone; `C-u` says to take the time zone number or name from the top of the stack. See Time Zones.
17. A prefix argument specifies a day number (0-6, 0-31, or 0-366).
18. If the input has no units, you will be prompted for both the old and the new units.
19. With a prefix argument, collect that many stack entries to form the input data set. Each entry may be a single value or a vector of values.
20. With a prefix argument of 1, take a single N x2 matrix from the stack instead of two separate data vectors.
21. The row or column number ‘`n`’ may be given as a numeric prefix argument instead. A plain `C-u` prefix says to take ‘`n`’ from the top of the stack. If ‘`n`’ is a vector or interval, a subvector/submatrix of the input is created.
22. The ‘`op`’ prompt can be answered with the key sequence for the desired function, or with `x` or `z` followed by a function name, or with `$` to take a formula from the top of the stack, or with `'` and a typed formula. In the last two cases, the formula may be a nameless function like ‘`<#1+#2>`’ or ‘`<x, y : x+y>`’, or it may include `$`, `$$`, etc. (where `$` will correspond to the last argument of the created function), or otherwise you will be prompted for an argument list. The number of vectors popped from the stack by `V M` depends on the number of arguments of the function.
23. One of the mapping direction keys `_` (horizontal, i.e., map by rows or reduce across), `:` (vertical, i.e., map by columns or reduce down), or `=` (map or reduce by rows) may be used before entering ‘`op`’; these modify the function name by adding the letter `r` for “rows,” `c` for “columns,” `a` for “across,” or `d` for “down.”
24. The prefix argument specifies a packing mode. A nonnegative mode is the number of items (for `v p`) or the number of levels (for `v u`). A negative mode is as described below. With no prefix argument, the mode is taken from the top of the stack and may be an integer or a vector of integers.
    -1
      (2) Rectangular complex number.
    -2
      (2) Polar complex number.
    -3
      (3) HMS form.
    -4
      (2) Error form.
    -5
      (2) Modulo form.
    -6
      (2) Closed interval.
    -7
      (2) Closed .. open interval.
    -8
      (2) Open .. closed interval.
    -9
      (2) Open interval.
    -10
      (2) Fraction.
    -11
      (2) Float with integer mantissa.
    -12
      (2) Float with mantissa in ‘`[1 .. 10)`’.
    -13
      (1) Date form (using date numbers).
    -14
      (3) Date form (using year, month, day).
    -15
      (6) Date form (using year, month, day, hour, minute, second).
25. A prefix argument specifies the size ‘`n`’ of the matrix. With no prefix argument, ‘`n`’ is omitted and the size is inferred from the input vector.
26. The prefix argument specifies the starting position ‘`n`’ (default 1).
27. Cursor position within stack buffer affects this command.
28. Arguments are not actually removed from the stack by this command.
29. Variable name may be a single digit or a full name.
30. Editing occurs in a separate buffer. Press `C-c C-c` (or <LFD>, or in some cases <RET>) to finish the edit, or kill the buffer with `C-x k` to cancel the edit. The <LFD> key prevents evaluation of the result of the edit.
31. The number prompted for can also be provided as a prefix argument.
32. Press this key a second time to cancel the prefix.
33. With a negative prefix, deactivate all formulas. With a positive prefix, deactivate and then reactivate from scratch.
34. Default is to scan for nearest formula delimiter symbols. With a prefix of zero, formula is delimited by mark and point. With a non-zero prefix, formula is delimited by scanning forward or backward by that many lines.
35. Parse the region between point and mark as a vector. A nonzero prefix parses n lines before or after point as a vector. A zero prefix parses the current line as a vector. A `C-u` prefix parses the region between point and mark as a single formula.
36. Parse the rectangle defined by point and mark as a matrix. A positive prefix n divides the rectangle into columns of width n. A zero or `C-u` prefix parses each line as one formula. A negative prefix suppresses special treatment of bracketed portions of a line.
37. A numeric prefix causes the current language mode to be ignored.
38. Responding to a prompt with a blank line answers that and all later prompts by popping additional stack entries.
39. Answer for ‘`v`’ may also be of the form ‘`v = v_0`’ or ‘`v - v_0`’.
40. With a positive prefix argument, stack contains many ‘`y`’'s and one common ‘`x`’. With a zero prefix, stack contains a vector of ‘`y`’s and a common ‘`x`’. With a negative prefix, stack contains many ‘`[x,y]`’ vectors. (For 3D plots, substitute ‘`z`’ for ‘`y`’ and ‘`x,y`’ for ‘`x`’.)
41. With any prefix argument, all curves in the graph are deleted.
42. With a positive prefix, refines an existing plot with more data points. With a negative prefix, forces recomputation of the plot data.
43. With any prefix argument, set the default value instead of the value for this graph.
44. With a negative prefix argument, set the value for the printer.
45. Condition is considered “true” if it is a nonzero real or complex number, or a formula whose value is known to be nonzero; it is “false” otherwise.
46. Several formulas separated by commas are pushed as multiple stack entries. Trailing `)`, `]`, `}`, `>`, and `"` delimiters may be omitted. The notation `$$$` refers to the value in stack level three, and causes the formula to replace the top three stack levels. The notation `$3` refers to stack level three without causing that value to be removed from the stack. Use <LFD> in place of <RET> to prevent evaluation; use `M-=` in place of <RET> to evaluate variables.
47. The variable is replaced by the formula shown on the right. The Inverse flag reverses the order of the operands, e.g., `I s - x` assigns ‘`x := a-x`’.
48. Press `?` repeatedly to see how to choose a model. Answer the variables prompt with ‘`iv`’ or ‘`iv;pv`’ to specify independent and parameter variables. A positive prefix argument takes n+1 vectors from the stack; a zero prefix takes a matrix and a vector from the stack.
49. With a plain `C-u` prefix, replace the current region of the destination buffer with the yanked text instead of inserting.
50. All stack entries are reformatted; the `H` prefix inhibits this. The `I` prefix sets the mode temporarily, redraws the top stack entry, then restores the original setting of the mode.
51. A negative prefix sets the default 3D resolution instead of the default 2D resolution.
52. This grabs a vector of the form [prec, wsize, ssize, radix, flfmt, ang, frac, symb, polar, matrix, simp, inf]. A prefix argument from 1 to 12 grabs the nth mode value only.